SQLAlchemy¶

SQLAlchemy is a Python-SQL-Toolkit and object-relational mapper.

SQLAlchemy is known for its ORM, whereby it provides different patterns for object-relational mapping, whereby classes can be mapped to the database in different ways. The object model and the database schema are cleanly decoupled from the start.

SQLAlchemy differs fundamentally from other ORMs, as SQL and details of the object relation are not abstracted away: all processes are represented as a collection of individual tools.

SQLAlchemy supports PostgreSQL as well as other dialects of relational databases:

Dialects	Python package	import	Docs
postgresql	psycopg2-binary	psycopg2	Installation
mysql	mysqlclient	MySQLdb	README
mssql	pyodbc	pyodbc	Wiki
oracle	cx_oracle	cx_Oracle	cx_Oracle

Database connection¶

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

engine = create_engine("postgresql:///example", echo=True)

Data model¶

from sqlalchemy import Column, ForeignKey, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship


Base = declarative_base()


class Address(Base):
    __tablename__ = "address"

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    street = Column(String)
    zipcode = Column(String)
    country = Column(String, nullable=False)


class Contact(Base):
    __tablename__ = "contact"

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)


firstname = Column(String, nullable=False)
lastname = Column(String, nullable=False)
email = Column(String, nullable=False)
address_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(Address.id), nullable=False)
address = relationship("Address")

Create tables¶

Base.metadata.create_all(engine)

Create Session¶

session = Session(engine)
address = Address(street="Birnbaumweg 10", zipcode="79115", country="Germany")

contact = Contact(
    firstname="Veit", lastname="Schiele", email="veit@cusy.io", address=address
)

session.add(contact)
session.commit()

Read¶

contact = session.query(Contact).filter_by(email="veit@cusy.io").first()
print(contact.firstname)

contacts = session.query(Contact).all()
for contact in contacts:
    print(contact.firstname)

contacts = session.query(Contact).filter_by(email="veit@cusy.io").all()
for contact in contacts:
    print(contact.firstname)

Update¶

contact = session.query(Contact).filter_by(email="veit@cusy.io").first()
contact.email = "info@veit-schiele.de"

session.add(contact)
session.commit()

Delete¶

contact = (
    session.query(Contact).filter_by(email="info@veit-schiele.de").first()
)

session.delete(contact)
session.commit()

Extensions¶

SQLAlchemy-Continuum: Versioning and revision extension for SQLAlchemy
SQLAlchemy-Utc: SQLAlchemy type for storing datetime.datetime values
SQLAlchemy-Utils: Various utility functions, new data types and utilities for SQLAlchemy
DEPOT: Framework for easy storage and retrieval of files in web applications
SQLAlchemy-ImageAttach: RSQLAlchemy extension for attaching images to entity objects
SQLAlchemy-Searchable: Full-text searchable models for SQLAlchemy