Code-Smells and Anti-Patterns#

Functions that should be objects#

In addition to object-oriented programming, Python also supports procedural programming using functions and inheritable classes. Both paradigms should, however, be applied to the appropriate problems.

Typical symptoms of functional code that should be converted to classes are

similar arguments across functions
high number of distinct Halstead operands
mix of mutable and immutable functions

For example, three functions with ambiguous usage can be reorganised so, that load_image() is replaced by .__init__(), crop() becomes a class method, and get_thumbnail() a property:

class Image(object):
    thumbnail_resolution = 128

    def __init__(self, path):
        ...

    def crop(self, width, height):
        ...

    @property
    def thumbnail(self):
        ...
        return thumb

Objects that should be functions#

Sometimes, however, object-oriented code should also be better broken down into functions, for example if a class contains only one other method apart from .__init__() or only static methods.

Note

You do not have to search for such classes manually, but there is a pylint rule for it:

$ pipenv run pylint --disable=all --enable=R0903 requests
************* Module requests.auth
requests/auth.py:72:0: R0903: Too few public methods (1/2) (too-few-public-methods)
requests/auth.py:100:0: R0903: Too few public methods (1/2) (too-few-public-methods)
************* Module requests.models
requests/models.py:60:0: R0903: Too few public methods (1/2) (too-few-public-methods)

-----------------------------------
Your code has been rated at 9.99/10

This shows us that two classes with only one public method have been defined in auth.py, in lines 72ff. and 100ff. Also in models.py there is a class with only one public method from line 60.

Nested code#

«Flat is better than nested.»

– Tim Peters, Zen of Python

Nested code makes it difficult to read and understand. You need to understand and remember the conditions as you go through the nestings. Objectively, the cyclomatic complexity increases as the number of code branches increases.

You can reduce nested methods with multiple nested if statements by replacing levels with methods that return False if necessary. Then you can use .count() to check if the number of errors is > 0.

Another possibility is to use list comprehensions. This way the code

results = []
for item in iterable:
    if item == match:
        results.append(item)

can be replaced by

results = [item for item in iterable if item == match]

Note

The itertools of the Python standard library are often also good for reducing the nesting depth by creating functions to create iterators from data structures.

Note

You can also filter with itertools, for example with filterfalse:

>>> from itertools import filterfalse
>>> from math import isnan
>>> from statistics import median
>>> data = [20.7, float('NaN'),19.2, 18.3, float('NaN'), 14.4]
>>> sorted(data)
[20.7, nan, 14.4, 18.3, 19.2, nan]
>>> median(data)
16.35
>>> sum(map(isnan, data))
2
>>> clean = list(filterfalse(isnan, data))
>>> clean
[20.7, 19.2, 18.3, 14.4]
>>> sorted(clean)
[14.4, 18.3, 19.2, 20.7]
>>> median(clean)
18.75

Query tools for complex dicts#

JMESPath, glom, asq and flupy can significantly simplify the query of dicts in Python.

Reduce code with `dataclasses` and `attrs`#

dataclasses were introduced in Python 3.7 and there is also a backport for Python 3.6. They are meant to simplify the definition of classes that are mainly created to store values and can then be accessed via attribute search. Some examples are collections.namedtuple(), +:py:class:typing.NamedTuple, Recipes to Records [1] and Nested Dicts [2]. Data classes save you from writing and managing these methods.

Code-Smells and Anti-Patterns#

Functions that should be objects#

Objects that should be functions#

Nested code#

Query tools for complex dicts#

Reduce code with dataclasses and attrs#

Reduce code with `dataclasses` and `attrs`#