{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "79cd8c04",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# Descriptive statistics\n",
"\n",
"pandas objects are equipped with a number of common mathematical and statistical methods. Most of them fall into the category of reductions or summary statistics, methods that extract a single value (such as the sum or mean) from a series or set of values from the rows or columns of a DataFrame. Compared to similar methods found in NumPy arrays, they also handle missing data."
]
},
{
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"execution_count": 1,
"id": "1f4bf43c",
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"execution": {
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"2022-02-09 NaN NaN NaN"
]
},
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"import numpy as np\n",
"import pandas as pd\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"rng = np.random.default_rng()\n",
"df = pd.DataFrame(\n",
" rng.normal(size=(7, 3)),\n",
" index=pd.date_range(\"2022-02-02\", periods=7),\n",
")\n",
"new_index = pd.date_range(\"2022-02-03\", periods=7)\n",
"df2 = df.reindex(new_index)\n",
"\n",
"df2"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "b1cb2575",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Calling the `pandas.DataFrame.sum` method returns a series containing column totals:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"id": "070b5cd2",
"metadata": {
"execution": {
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"source": [
"df2.sum()"
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{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "b7884bef",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Passing `axis='columns'` or `axis=1` instead sums over the columns:"
]
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{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"id": "1293360b",
"metadata": {
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"df2.sum(axis=\"columns\")"
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{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "ec346926",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"If an entire row or column contains all NA values, the sum is `0`. This can be disabled with the `skipna` option:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
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"execution": {
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"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
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"source": [
"df2.sum(axis=\"columns\", skipna=False)"
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},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "644a61ca",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Some aggregations, such as `mean`, require at least one non-`NaN` value to obtain a valuable result:"
]
},
{
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"source": [
"df2.mean(axis=\"columns\")"
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{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "ce078db0",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Options for reduction methods\n",
"\n",
"Method | Description\n",
":----- | :----------\n",
"`axis` | the axis of values to reduce: `0` for the rows of the DataFrame and `1` for the columns\n",
"`skipna` | exclude missing values; by default `True`.\n",
"`level` | reduce grouped by level if the axis is hierarchically indexed (MultiIndex)\n",
"\n",
"Some methods, such as `idxmin` and `idxmax`, provide indirect statistics such as the index value at which the minimum or maximum value is reached:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"id": "aa6e4b54",
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"execution": {
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"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"df2.idxmax()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "ad8181d8",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Other methods are accumulations:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 7,
"id": "373b127a",
"metadata": {
"execution": {
"iopub.execute_input": "2026-05-21T12:53:35.926025Z",
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"Another type of method is neither reductions nor accumulations. `describe` is one such example that produces several summary statistics in one go:"
]
},
{
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],
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"df2.describe()"
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},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "5d1f2a90",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"For non-numeric data, `describe` generates alternative summary statistics:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"id": "4277fda3",
"metadata": {
"execution": {
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{
"data": {
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" \n",
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" | \n",
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"data = {\n",
" \"Code\": [\"U+0000\", \"U+0001\", \"U+0002\", \"U+0003\", \"U+0004\", \"U+0005\"],\n",
" \"Octal\": [\"001\", \"002\", \"003\", \"004\", \"004\", \"005\"],\n",
"}\n",
"df3 = pd.DataFrame(data)\n",
"\n",
"df3.describe()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "ce69eb28",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Descriptive and summary statistics:\n",
"\n",
"Method | Description\n",
":----- | :----------\n",
"`count` | number of non-NA values\n",
"`describe` | calculation of a set of summary statistics for series or each DataFrame column\n",
"`min`, `max` | calculation of minimum and maximum values\n",
"`argmin`, `argmax` | calculation of the index points (integers) at which the minimum or maximum value was reached\n",
"`idxmin`, `idxmax` | calculation of the index labels at which the minimum or maximum values were reached\n",
"`quantile` | calculation of the sample quantile in the range from 0 to 1\n",
"`sum` | sum of the values\n",
"`mean` | arithmetic mean of the values\n",
"`median` | arithmetic median (50% quantile) of the values\n",
"`mad` | mean absolute deviation from the mean value\n",
"`prod` | product of all values\n",
"`var` | sample variance of the values\n",
"`std` | sample standard deviation of the values\n",
"`skew` | sample skewness (third moment) of the values\n",
"`kurt` | sample kurtosis (fourth moment) of the values\n",
"`cumsum` | cumulative sum of the values\n",
"`cummin`, `cummax` | cumulated minimum and maximum of the values respectively\n",
"`cumprod` | cumulated product of the values\n",
"`diff` | calculation of the first arithmetic difference (useful for time series)\n",
"`pct_change` | calculation of the percentage changes"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "317bdb46",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## `ydata-profiling`\n",
"\n",
"[ydata-profiling](https://docs.profiling.ydata.ai/latest/) generates profile reports from a pandas DataFrame. The pandas `df.describe()` function is handy, but a bit basic for exploratory data analysis. ydata-profiling extends pandas DataFrame with `df.profile_report()`, which automatically generates a standardised report for understanding the data."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "5cde7e28",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### Installation\n",
"\n",
"```bash\n",
"$ uv add standard-imghdr legacy-cgi \"ydata-profiling[notebook, unicode]\"\n",
"Resolved 251 packages in 2.53s\n",
"Prepared 1 package in 106ms\n",
"Installed 24 packages in 155ms\n",
" + annotated-types==0.7.0\n",
" + dacite==1.9.2\n",
" + htmlmin==0.1.12\n",
" + imagehash==4.3.1\n",
" + legacy-cgi==2.6.3\n",
" + llvmlite==0.44.0\n",
" + multimethod==1.12\n",
" + networkx==3.5\n",
" + numba==0.61.0\n",
" + patsy==1.0.1\n",
" + phik==0.12.4\n",
" + puremagic==1.29\n",
" + pydantic==2.11.7\n",
" + pydantic-core==2.33.2\n",
" + pywavelets==1.8.0\n",
" + seaborn==0.13.2\n",
" + standard-imghdr==3.13.0\n",
" + statsmodels==0.14.4\n",
" + tangled-up-in-unicode==0.2.0\n",
" + typeguard==4.4.2\n",
" + typing-inspection==0.4.1\n",
" + visions==0.8.1\n",
" + wordcloud==1.9.4\n",
" + ydata-profiling==4.16.1\n",
"$ uv run jupyter notebook\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"In Python 3.13, the `imghdr` and `cgi` modules were removed, see also [PEP 594](https://peps.python.org/pep-0594/). However, as a workaround for these legacy products, [standard-imghdr](https://pypi.org/project/standard-imghdr/) and [legacy-cgi](https://pypi.org/project/legacy-cgi/) were provided in the Python Package Index."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "9da36ef5",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### Example"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"id": "d51c33c4-8a3c-49cf-badf-8cb61ea6cdfb",
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"\n",
" \n",
"
Upgrade to ydata-sdk\n",
"
\n",
" Improve your data and profiling with ydata-sdk, featuring data quality scoring, redundancy detection, outlier identification, text validation, and synthetic data generation.\n",
"
\n",
"
\n",
" "
],
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""
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"text": [
"\n",
"100%|██████████████████████████████████████████| 3/3 [00:00<00:00, 68015.74it/s]\u001b[A\n"
]
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""
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"source": [
"from ydata_profiling import ProfileReport\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"profile = ProfileReport(df2, title=\"pandas Profiling Report\")\n",
"\n",
"profile.to_notebook_iframe()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "7081a6dc",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### Configuration for large datasets\n",
"\n",
"By default, ydata-profiling summarises the dataset to provide the most insights for data analysis. If the computation time of profiling becomes a bottleneck, pandas-profiling offers several alternatives to overcome it. For the following examples, we first read a larger data set into pandas:"
]
},
{
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"id": "0a4050bd",
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},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"titanic = pd.read_csv(\n",
" \"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/datasciencedojo/datasets/master/titanic.csv\",\n",
")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "d2c2f9f9",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### 1. minimal mode\n",
"\n",
"ydata-profiling contains a minimal configuration file config_minimal.yaml, in which the most expensive calculations are turned off by default. This is the recommended starting point for larger data sets."
]
},
{
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"execution_count": 12,
"id": "3be9d8c1",
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"source": [
"profile = ProfileReport(\n",
" titanic,\n",
" title=\"Minimal pandas Profiling Report\",\n",
" minimal=True,\n",
")\n",
"\n",
"profile.to_notebook_iframe()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "32d8b6b1",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Further details on settings and configuration can be found in [Available settings](https://docs.profiling.ydata.ai/latest/advanced_settings/available_settings/#available-settings)."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "0bfe003a",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### 2. Sample\n",
"An alternative option for very large data sets is to use only a part of them for the profiling report:"
]
},
{
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"sample = titanic.sample(frac=0.05)\n",
"\n",
"profile = ProfileReport(sample, title=\"Sample pandas Profiling Report\")\n",
"\n",
"profile.to_notebook_iframe()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "e80b2c1d",
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"#### 3. Deactivate expensive calculations\n",
"\n",
"To reduce the computational effort in large datasets, but still get some interesting information, some calculations can be filtered only for certain columns:"
]
},
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"profile = ProfileReport()\n",
"profile.config.interactions.targets = [\"Sex\", \"Age\"]\n",
"profile.df = titanic\n",
"\n",
"profile.to_notebook_iframe()"
]
},
{
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"id": "79de51e7",
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"source": [
"The setting `interactions.targets`, can be changed via configuration files as well as via environment variables; see [Interactions](https://docs.profiling.ydata.ai/latest/advanced_settings/available_settings/#interactions) for details."
]
},
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"source": [
"#### 4 Concurrency\n",
"\n",
"Currently work is being done on a scalable Spark backend for pandas-profiling, see [Spark profiling support](https://github.com/orgs/ydataai/projects/16/views/2)."
]
}
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